Awareness of autism spectrum disorders Essays

Awareness of autism spectrum disorders Essays Awareness of autism spectrum disorders Essay Awareness of autism spectrum disorders Essay For a figure of old ages now, my married woman, Jen Morgan has taught kids with autism and autism spectrum upsets. Throughout that clip, I have had the chance to volunteer at assorted charity events to assist raise consciousness and apprehension of these upsets. I have learned important information about these upsets and how it has affected the households that live with them. One thing that has ever bothered me was the deficiency of consciousness of autism spectrum upsets in today s society. In the yesteryear, it was rare to happen anything in print or on the eventide intelligence about autism. Recently at that place seems to be an inflow of studies in the media about autism, its research, and the effects it is holding on the households populating with the upsets. Why is that? What has changed that has brought a upset that has been around for a really long clip to the attending of so many people? What is autism? I think it is of import to first explicate what autism is. The Autism Speaks web site says that Autism is a general term used to depict a group of complex developmental encephalon upsets known as Permeant Developmental Disorders ( PDD ) . The other permeant developmental upsets are PDD-NOS ( Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ) , Aspergers Syndrome, Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder. Many parents and professionals refer to this group as Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Be Informed, N.D. ) . Harmonizing to Ehlers A ; Gillberg ( 1993 ) , the United States authorities figures show that the prevalence of autism among its population has been lifting every twelvemonth. The ground for the addition has non been found, but improved diagnosing and environmental influence are considered to be the cause for the increased consciousness. Male kids have been reported to be more prone to the upset as compared to the female kids and are diagnosed with the status rather often. In the United States, it is estimated that around 1 % of the male childs are diagnosed with the upset ( p. 1327 ) . One in 150 kids are born each twelvemonth with an autism spectrum upset ( about autism, N.D. ) . What I found to be interesting was that autism is more widespread than childhood malignant neoplastic disease, juvenile diabetes and paediatric AIDS combined. There does non look to be a unequivocal reply as to what causes autism. Some scientist think it is environmental, familial, or a compromised immune system during the kid s pre-natal development, while some believe it is a combination of these things. Recently carnal surveies have produced grounds on how the immune system of the organic structure can act upon symptoms which are linked to autism. These surveies aim at increasing the degree of consciousness and besides probes of utile immunological facts to research workers who are non in that field and those within the field of autism at the community degree ( Haley, 2006 ) . It was one time believed that autism was caused by bad parenting, but in the 1970 s Dr. Bernard Rimland, the male parent of a boy with autism, and the laminitis of the Autism Society of America, assisted in the research that concluded it is non caused by bad rearing but instead is a biological upset ( Be Informed, 2009 ) . Awareness has ever been one of the biggest conflicts for the autism community. Bob Wright, former CEO of NBC Universal, found out in 2004 that his grandson Evan was diagnosed with autism. Bing the Chief executive officer of a major amusement company like NBC, Wright had tremendous power to force a subject such as autism onto a huge audience. In February 2005, Wright and his married woman Suzanne co-founded Autism Speaks. Autism Speaks is an organisation that researches autism, its causes, and possible remedies. As good, they advocate for households with autism and spread consciousness about autism and autism spectrum upsets. They have established a web of research scientists and households who are an alone beginning of information that can dramatically increase our cognition and apprehension of autism spectrum upsets ( Wright, 2009 ) . The Willard huntington wrights have had a immense impact on the autism community by distributing consciousness of the spectrum upsets around the unive rse. I was able to happen more than 50 different intelligence narratives, particular studies and interviews which the Wrights personally did between the old ages 2005 and 2007, with the might of NBC Universal behind them. Not surprising they were about all on NBC and NBC affiliate Stationss. When autism effects the celebrated and affluent, they have the agencies and the audience to recommend for autism spectrum upsets, where the mundane common individual does non. It is obvious that the Wrights function in the autism community has brought important consciousness to the state and universe. While the Wrights work in the autism community has yielded positive consciousness, the inquiry arose, what are the unconstructive facets of autism consciousness, and who specifically could be lending to this signifier of consciousness. When I was seeking for negatives in respects to autism consciousness, the individual that kept coming to visible radiation was actress Jenny McCarthy. McCarthy s boy was diagnosed with autism in 2005 at the age of 3. She became an militant to raise consciousness of autism together with her fellow, histrion and comedian Jim Carey. McCarthy claimed her boy became autistic after he received his rubeolas, epidemic parotitiss, German measles ( MMR ) vaccinum. Argument occurred when she announced that she had cured her boy s autism with a technique called chelation therapy. Basically, chelation therapy is the natural cleaning of the organic structure of quicksilver which is in vaccinums and that she and others believe can do autism, although there has been n o solid scientific grounds to turn out this. This theory has been widely rejected by the National Institute of Mental Health, reasoning that autistic kids are improbable to have any benefit to equilibrate the hazards of cognitive and emotional jobs posed by the chelating agents used in the intervention ( McCarthy, 2005 ) . It is believed that the symptoms that her boy ab initio had and what led to his diagnosing was really a upset called Landau-Kleffner syndrome. It is a neurological upset that has some of the same symptoms as autism, and is frequently misdiagnosed as autism. Symptoms by and large disappear as kids get older ( Landau, 2005 ) . Although her work at raising consciousness for the autism community is in its basic signifier positive, some see it as pulling negative attending to a really controversial and sensitive topic. The possibility of her boy s misdiagnosis coincides with a recent survey published in the Journal Pediatric, and reported on by the New York Times. The study covered 78,000 families, which had diagnosed household members with autism. In the article Carey ( 2009 ) stated that about 40 per centum of the kids surveyed no longer fell into the class of what would be considered an autism spectrum upset. This supports what was addressed about McCarthy s boy, and about kids being r ushed into a diagnosing that could be inaccurate. Their symptoms labeled autism could really good hold been a upset like Landau-Kleffner syndrome, which in most instances is grown out of, non cured. I had an interesting conversation with my married woman, who has been a instructor of kids with autism and mental upsets for over 10 old ages. We were speaking about parents that she had dealt with in the yesteryear that seemed to utilize their kids s upset to acquire attending for them and look to work it for pecuniary addition. ( J. Morgan, personal communicating, December 09, 2009 ) said it is a upset in itself. It s called Munchhausen by proxy. Peoples with this upset want their kids to be ill, or to hold a upset. They feel satisfied by acquiring attending from others, and really disquieted if they do nt. This is non to state they do nt love their childs, but the upset makes them seek attending. Morgan mentioned one female parent that would move about disgusted or taken a back if they met person who had neer heard of them or their kid. Now they were non people of importance in the community, but they were known for showcasing their girl at assorted autism consciousness events. Munchhausen by proxy tantrums in with McCarthy and her boy. McCarthy seemed to utilize her boy s upsets to derive attending to compose books and hike her neglecting calling. Now this is merely my sentiment but it falls into line with my research. It is obvious McCarthy loves her son really much and wants nil but the best for him, but to state she cured her boy of autism is a small bizarre, and she provides no scientific information to endorse up her claims. The information does back up the fact that a batch of kids are misdiagnosed with autism, and that it is lead poisoning or exposure to some other chemical which is doing their neurological upsets. Awareness within the autism community in any manner is a good thing. The addition in the figure of persons reported with autistic spectrum upsets can be attributed to alterations in referral forms, in the methods of diagnosing, and the cognition of the different manifestations of autism. Bringing a subject like autism to visible radiation and the instruction of the general population merely serves to assist the autism community. By researching and recommending for those populating with autism spectrum upsets, it will merely be a affair of clip before the cause and finally a remedy is found. Ownby ( 2009 ) said that The more we publish research and statistics we merely help people go more cognizant of autism spectrum upsets and diagnosings. One thing I did larn was that households that have kids with autism are really courageous people. They deal with existent miracles every twenty-four hours, and unrecorded with the hope that one twenty-four hours all their difficult work and the work of so many others will convey the kid that they know and love out to the remainder of the universe. Sell ( 2007 ) said Turning up is difficult work and the universe can be a confusing topographic point, particularly for person with a processing upset. While I ca nt alter the universe for my boy, I can give him the tools he needs to perplex things out for himself. And that gives me hope. ( p. 237 ) As I was researching autism, I found that the lengths that some will travel through to raise consciousness of the upset can be every bit different as dark and twenty-four hours. From people like the Wrights, and McCarthy, to parents enduring from their ain upset like Munchhausen by placeholder. It s clear that they all have, in their ain particular manner, a really large bosom and want nil but the best for household s covering with these upsets. I still want to cognize why it takes person of stature like the Wrights or McCarthy to open the universe s eyes to a upset that is impacting so many households every twenty-four hours. Why is it that merely the rich and celebrated have the power and influence to consequence alteration in respects to a subject such as autism? Is it the resources that are available to them, or is it the simple fact that they have such a powerful influence over so many people? Mentions About Autism. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved November 27, 2009, from the Autism Society of America Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autism-socety.org/site/pageserver? pagename=about_home Be Informed. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 06, 2009, from the Autism Speaks Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismspeaks.org/whatisit/index.php Bob Wright. ( 2009, October 20 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Bob_Wright A ; oldid=320932311 Carey, B. ( 2009, October 5 ) . Childhood: Autism diagnoses lifting, U.S. studies. The New York Times, p. C2. Ehlers, S. , A ; Gillberg, C. ( 1993 ) . The epidemiology of Aspergers syndrome: a entire population Study, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 ( 8 ) , 1327. Jenny McCarthy. ( 2009, December 14 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 08, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Jenny_McCarthy A ; oldid=331525867 Haley, B. ( 2006 ) . Vaccines and the altering epidemiology of autism. Child Care Health Dev. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.whale.to/a/autism_diagnosis.html Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. ( 2009, November 14 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Landau % E2 % 80 % 93Kleffner_syndrome A ; oldid=325795007 Ownby, M. ( 2009, April ) . Autism Awareness and Acceptance. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //autismaspergerssyndrome.suite101.com/article.cfm/autism_awareness_and_acceptance Sell, C. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) . A cup of comfort for parents of kids with autism. Avon, MA: Adams Research Log Why, in recent old ages has at that place been an addition in consciousness of autism spectrum upsets? 12/5/2009 For a figure of old ages now, my married woman has taught kids with autism and autism spectrum upsets. Throughout that clip I have had the chance to volunteer at assorted charity events to assist raise consciousness and apprehension of these upsets. During this clip I have learned allot about these upsets and how it has affected the household s that unrecorded with them. One thing that has ever bothered me was the deficiency of consciousness in today s society, until the past twosome of old ages. In the yesteryear it was rare to happen anything in print or on the eventide intelligence about autism. But late at that place seems to be an inflow of studies in the media about autism, its research, and the effects it is holding on the household s life with the upsets. Why is that? What has changed that has brought a upset that has been around for a really long clip to the attending of so many people? In the streamlined paper I will seek to reply some of these inquiries, and seek to acquir e a better apprehension as to why there has been an addition in consciousness and apprehension of an issue that has affected so many lives for so long. 12/6/2009 About autism. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved November 27, 2009, from the Autism Society of America Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autism-socety.org/site/pageserver? pagename=about_home The basic facts about autism spectrum upsets in web site format. This is a basic article explicating what autism is, and the basic facts about the autism upset. Most of the information is basic and could merely be used as unobjective facts. Further research would be needed. 12/6/2009 Be Informed. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 06, 2009, from the Autism Speaks Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismspeaks.org/whatisit/index.php The basic facts about autism spectrum upsets in web site format. What is autism? I need to reply this inquiry foremost and foremost before I can acquire the bosom of my research. I think informing the reader of what autism is will be of import. Autism Speaks is one of the first organisations dedicated to the research, bar and consciousness of autism spectrum upsets. They have a great definition of autism that I should utilize. Quotation mark from Autism Speaks web site What is Autism? ( Be Informed, 2009 ) Autism is a general term used to depict a group of complex developmental encephalon upsets known as Permeant Developmental Disorders ( PDD ) . The other permeant developmental upsets are PDD-NOS ( Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ) , Aspberger s Syndrome, Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder. Many parents and professionals refer to this group as Autism Spectrum Disorders. Ehlers, S. , A ; Gillberg, C. ( 1993 ) . The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome: a entire population Study, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 ( 8 ) , 1327.. This is a journal entry speech production to the prevalence of autism upset in the United States and to the addition in consciousness of autism throughout the state 12/7/2009 What causes autism: There does non look to be a unequivocal reply as to what causes autism. Some scientist think it is environmental, familial, a compromised immune system during the kid s in utero development, and after birth. While some believe it is a combination of these things. One thing is widely accepted is that it is non due to bad parenting. Quotation mark from Autism Speaks web site ( Be Informed, 2009 ) In the sixtiess and 70s, Dr. Bernard Rimland, the male parent of a boy with autism, who subsequently founded the Autism Society of America and the Autism Research Institute, helped the medical community understand that autism is non caused by cold parents but instead is a biological upset I tend to tilt towards the familial facet. Local intelligence adult female gave birth three times back to endorse. All three kids have autism spectrum upsets. Try non to brood deep into the cause, as it can easy take over your research, and drag it off subject. State the basic facts and thoughts of causes and allow the reader research more into that if they desire. Commonality. 1 in 150 kids are born each twelvemonth with an autism spectrum upset. What I found that was interesting, and mildly disturbing was that it is more common than childhood malignant neoplastic disease, juvenile diabetes and paediatric AIDS combined. This is a really of import fact that I think demands to set in my concluding bill of exchange. Remember do nt travel overboard on all the basic facts. Stick to your subject. 12/7/2009 I thought I would speak to my married woman to assist me make up ones mind where to get down my research. She is a really gifted instructor of kids with autism, and has been really active the community for old ages. She suggested I look at celebrated people and famous persons conveying attending about the autism upsets 12/8/2009 Bob Wright. ( 2009, October 20 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Bob_Wright A ; oldid=320932311 Bob Wright, former CEO of NBC Universal. 1986-2007 for 21 old ages My married woman said I should make some checking on British shilling Wright. His grandson Evan was diagnosed with autism in 2004. Bing the Chief executive officer of a major amusement company like NBC He has tremendous power to force a subject such as autism onto an tremendous audience. This Wiki entry is some basic information about British shilling Wright and would be good for basic back land information merely. His impact on the autism community will necessitate farther research. 12/8/2009 While making hunts around the cyberspace I was able to happen more information on British shilling Wright and his impact on autism. His grandson was diagnosed with autism in 2004. In February 2005 Wright and his married woman Suzanne carbon monoxide founded Autism speaks, an organisation that researches autism, its causes and possible remedies. As good they advocate for households with autism and spread consciousness about autism and autism spectrum upsets. They have established a web of research scientists and households, an unprecedented beginning of information that will dramatically increase our cognition and apprehension of autism spectrum upsets. He has had tremendous impact on the autism community and acquiring consciousness of the upsets out to the universe. With the might of NBC cosmopolitan behind him, between the old ages 2005-and 2007 I was able to happen more than 50 different intelligence narratives, article, particular studies and interview British shilling Wright and his married woman Suzanne personally did. Not surprising they were all on NBC and NBC affiliate Stationss. This will do a great beginning to do the point that the when autism effects the celebrated and affluent they have the agencies and the audience to acquire at that place word across, where as the mundane common adult male does non. I need to see if there are any negative facets of the Wrights or others work. Is at that place work doing any contention within the autism community. This brings up a good inquiry of whether or non the over exposure of an issue like autism is good or bad. 12/8/2009 I have seen allot about Jenny McCarthy and her supposed sure for her boies autism, need to acquire a little more into this. Jenny McCarthy. ( 2009, December 14 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 08, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Jenny_McCarthy A ; oldid=331525867 Landau-Kleffner syndrome. ( 2009, November 14 ) . In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Landau % E2 % 80 % 93Kleffner_syndrome A ; oldid=325795007 This is a wiki entry explicate the landau-Kleffner upset frequently misdiagnosed as autism. Connect straight with Jenny McCarthy. It is believed that is what her boy really had and non autism. Jenny McCarthy s boy was diagnosed with autism in 2005 at the age of 3. She became an militant to raise the consciousness of autism together with her fellow, amusing adult male Jim Carey. McCarthy claimed her boy became autistic after he received his rubeolas, epidemic parotitiss German measles ( MMR ) vaccinum. Controversy occurred when she came out and said she had cured her boy s autism with a technique called chelation therapy. Basically, it is the cleaning of the organic structure of quicksilver which is in vaccinums and that she believed it causes autism. This theory has been widely rejected by the National Institute of Mental wellness, reasoning that autistic kids are improbable to have any benefit to equilibrate the hazards of cognitive and emotional jobs posed by the chelating agents used in the intervention ( wiki ) . It is believed that the symptoms that her boy ab initio had and what led to his diagnosing was really a upset called Landau-Kleffner syndrome. It is a neuro logical upset that has some of the same symptoms as autism, and is frequently misdiagnosed as autism. Symptoms by and large disappear as kids get older. This could take to McCarthy s belief that she cured her boy of autism with chelation therapy. The inquiry I have now is was her boy misdiagnosed and did she cognize that, but was so committed to the autism statement and that MMR vaccinums caused it that she had to lodge to her statement? Or, did she truly bring around her boy s autism. So, did McCarthy go on her campaign to maintain her name in the media or was she truly committed to the autism cause? 12/9/2009 Carey, B. ( 2009, October 5 ) . Childhood: Autism diagnoses lifting, U.S. studies. The New York Times. p. C2 This is an article analyzing a recent survey published in the Journal Pediatric refering a phone study conducted. The study covered 78,000 families, which had diagnosed household members with autism. The article is a good beginning of informations refering how people have been diagnosed with autism and autism spectrum upsets. Additionally, it can be used to discourse the possibility of people being misdiagnosed with autism spectrum upsets. The article stated that about 40 per centum of the kids surveyed no longer had fell into the class of what would be considered an autism spectrum upset. This supports what was addressed earlier about kids being rushed into a diagnosing that could be inaccurate, and the symptoms that could hold been labeled autism could really good hold been something that is grown out of. 12/9/2009 Pegram, C. ( 2008 ) . Out of a distant universe. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from the Autism Treatment Center of America Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.autismtreatmentcenter.org/contents/reviews_and_articles /distant_world.php This article is a basic overview of the autism upset with basic facts. Additionally, it contains quotation marks from people populating with autism upsets. This a good article for basic unobjective information, and personal histories. Further research would be needed to verify some of the information. 12/9/2009 McLaughlin, P.L. , A ; Wehman, P. ( Eds. ) . ( 1996 ) . Mental deceleration and developmental disablements ( 2nd ed. ) . Austin, TX: Pro-ed. This is a text book for pupils get downing a calling in the attention and instruction of people with mental upsets. Since this is a text book for college pupils the information would do a great beginning from the point of position of the academic community. 12/9/2009 I had a nice small conversation with my married woman today. We were speaking about parents that she had dealt with in the yesteryear that seemed to utilize their kids s upset to acquire attending for them and look to work it for pecuniary addition. My married woman said it is a upset in itself. It s called Munchhausen by proxy. Peoples with this upset in a manner want their kids to be ill, to hold a upset. They feel satisfied by acquiring attending from others, and really disquieted if they do nt. It is really a upset that is being research by the autism research institute. This is non to state they did nt love their childs, but were attending hungry. She mentioned one twosome that would move about disgusted or taken aback if they met person who had neer heard of them. Now they were non anyone of importance in the community, but they were known for showcasing their girl at assorted autism consciousness events. I thought this went right along with Jenny McCarthy and her boy. She se emed used her boy s upsets to derive attending for her failing calling, to compose books, and hike her calling. Now this is merely my sentiment but it falls into line with my research. I am she jenny McCarthy loves her son really much, but to state she cured her boy of autism is a small bizarre, and seems a small unusual. Opportunities are he was misdiagnosed. My married woman said a batch of kids are misdiagnosed with autism, when in fact it is lead poisoning or exposure to some other chemical. 12/10/2009 Celebrated Peoples With Autism. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 10, 2009, from the Autism love to cognize Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.lovetoknow.com/Famous_People_with_Autism This is a nice web site that looks at the possibilities of celebrated people throughout history that may hold had an autism spectrum upset. Some luminaries are Albert Einstein, Virginia Woolf, and Courtney love. Courtney love was the lone 1 that I could happen that was really diagnosed with a spectrum upset. There is no solid grounds to demo that any of the others really had autism, they did demo autism traits that would do people believe they did. 12/11/2009 Ownby, M. ( 2009, April ) . Autism Awareness and Acceptance. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //autismaspergerssyndrome.suite101.com/article.cfm/autism_awareness_and_acceptance This an article states allot of basic about autism. Statisticss, consciousness, and myths. But is do a good point that the continued research in autism and of all time altering statistics has drawn autism into the visible radiation and is a ground why there has been an addition in consciousness in the past few old ages. Quote ( Ownby, 2009 ) By publicising this statistic, people are going progressively cognizant of the turning prevalence of autism spectrum upset diagnosings 12/11/2009 I m acquiring in a rut. I need to complete this up. I need to get down authorship and clear some of my ideas up. I am over thought this. 12/11/2009 Autism Statistics ( n.d. ) . Retrieved December 11, 2009, from the EMED TV Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.emedtv.com/autism/autism-statistics.html This is basic statistical information about autism 12/12/2009 Sell, C. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) . A cup of comfort for parents of kids with autism. Avon, MA: Adams. This is nice book of shared narratives of household s who have kids with an autism spectrum upset, some of the tests and trials in their mundane lives, and how they get through the tough yearss. This is a great beginning to demo how the mundane household lives with a household member who has autism, and how the upset has changed their lives. ( Sell, 2007 ) Turning up is difficult work, and the universe can be a confusing topographic point, particularly for person with a processing upset. While I ca nt alter the universe for my boy, I can give him the tools he needs to perplex things out for himself. And that gives me hope .

Understanding Political Process Theory

Understanding Political Process Theory Also known as political opportunity theory, political process theory offers an explanation of the conditions, mindset, and actions that make a social movement successful in achieving its goals. According to this theory, political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives. Following that, the movement ultimately attempts to make change through the existing political structure and processes. Overview Political process theory (PPT) is considered the core theory of social movements and how they mobilize (work to create change). It was developed by  sociologists in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s, in response to the Civil Rights, anti-war, and student movements of the 1960s. Sociologist Douglas McAdam, now a professor at Stanford University, is credited with first developing this theory via his study of the Black Civil Rights movement (see his book  Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, published in 1982). Prior to the development of this theory, social scientists viewed members of social movements as irrational and crazed and framed them as deviants rather than political actors. Developed through careful research, political process theory disrupted that view and exposed its troubling elitist, racist, and patriarchal roots. Resource mobilization theory similarly offers an alternative view to this classical one. Since McAdam published his book outlining the theory, revisions to it have been made by him and other sociologists, so today it differs from McAdams original articulation.  As sociologist Neal Caren describes in his entry on the theory in the  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, political process theory outlines five key components that determine the success or failure of a social movement: political opportunities, mobilizing structures, framing processes,  protest cycles, and contentious repertoires. Political opportunities  are the most important aspect of PPT, because according to the theory, without them, success for a social movement is impossible. Political opportunitiesor opportunities for intervention and change within the existing political systemexist when the system experiences vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities in the system can arise for a variety of reasons but hinge on a crisis of legitimacy wherein the populace no longer supports the social and economic conditions fostered or maintained by the system. Opportunities might be driven by  the broadening of political enfranchisement to those previously excluded (like women and people of color, historically speaking), divisions among leaders, increasing diversity within political bodies and the electorate, and a loosening of repressive structures that previously kept people from demanding change.Mobilizing structures  refer to the  already existing organizations (political or otherwise) that are present among the c ommunity that wants change. These organizations serve as mobilizing structures for a social movement by providing membership, leadership, and communication and social networks to the budding movement. Examples include churches, community and nonprofit organizations, and student groups and schools, to name a few. Framing processes are carried out by leaders of an organization in order to allow the group or movement to  clearly and persuasively describe the existing problems, articulate why change is necessary, what changes are desired, and how one can go about achieving them. Framing processes foster the ideological buy-in among movement members, members of the political establishment, and the public at large that is necessary for a social movement to seize political opportunities and make change. McAdam and colleagues describe framing as conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action (see Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  [1996]).Protest cycles  are another important aspect of social movement success according to PPT. A protest cycle is a prolonged  period of time when opposition to the politi cal system and acts of protest are in a heightened state. Within this theoretical perspective, protests are important expressions of the views and demands of the mobilizing structures connected to the movement and are vehicles to express the ideological frames connected to the framing process. As such, protests serve to strengthen solidarity within the movement, to raise awareness among the general public about the issues targeted by the movement, and also serve to help recruit new members. The fifth and final aspect of PPT is contentious repertoires, which refers to the set of means through which the movement makes its claims. These typically include strikes, demonstrations (protests), and  petitions. According to PPT, when all of these elements are present, it is possible that a social movement will be able to make changes within the existing political system that will reflect the desired outcome. Key Figures There are many sociologists who study social movements, but key figures who helped create and refine PPT include Charles Tilly,  Peter Eisinger, Sidney Tarrow, David Snow, David Meyer, and Douglas McAdam. Recommended Reading To learn more about PPT see the following resources: From Mobilization to Revolution  (1978), by Charles Tilly.Political Process Theory,  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, by Neal Caren (2007).Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency,  (1982) by Douglas McAdam.Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  (1996), by Douglas McAdam and colleagues. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

MGT 305-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MGT 305-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR - Essay Example The widespread issue among all of them is that they are accountable for supporting, motivating, guiding, organizing, teaching, instructing, inspiring a group of people. In general these individuals are referred to as or considered as leaders inside their specific area of functioning. The phrase leadership merely implies the means of persuading a group of people & directing them on the way to the achievement of a universal purpose. The organization where I used to work had a business of Herbal Products. The firm largely dealt with balm for muscle aches & joint pains, tonics for immunity building, lotions & body-oil for supple & soft skin & many such goods for the day-to-day application by the customers. The business followed a unified arrangement of centralized & decentralized framework. The different unit worked on a decentralized style where there was no specialty & everybody knew the job of the other individual. Job Rotation was being experienced as a standard rule. Significance of Organization Structure The contribution to the efficient functioning of organization by its organization structure can be explained as: - Clear-cut Authority Relationships: The responsibility and authority is allocated by the Organization structure. The members of an organization are helped to know their role and relate it to other roles by organizational structure. - Pattern of Communication: the patterns of coordination and communication are provided by the Organization structure. Communication between people is facilitated by Organization structure through grouping of people and activities. - Location of Decision Centre: the locations of centers for decision making in the organization are determined by Organization structure. - Proper Balancing: the emphasizing on group activities’ coordination and creation of the proper balance between them is done by the organizational structure. Higher priority is given to more critical aspect for the success of the enterprise in the o rganization. - Encouraging Growth: Flexible framework is proved to the organization for creating growth opportunities and meeting the challenges by the structure of the organization. - Making use of Technological Improvements: the organizational structure is capable of modification in the existing pattern of responsibilities of the authorities. The on the whole operation of the organization was dependent on the structure of situational leadership style. This approach is based on the outlook of people towards the job entrusted to them & their reaction towards the performance of a leader (greeks.cofc.edu. n.d.). The idea of situational leadership is reliant on the key rudiments of task behavior & relationship behavior. The relationship behavior implies the quantity of social & emotional hold provided by the leader. It point toward the flow of communication involving the followers & leader. Task behavior implies the guidance & direction offered by the leader. It is extremely work- focu sed & puts emphasis on the proficient achievement of the goals. In the situational leadership style, 4 essential situations have been recognized by the leadership professionals that are dependent on relationship behavior on one axis & task behavior on the other axis of the grid. The following diagram reveals the illustration of a situational leadership structure- These styles stand for the management approach that completely depends on the condition faced by the firm. In case of the company

Fundamentals of Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Fundamentals of Design - Assignment Example Unregistered athletes are not allowed to carry out this activity. The venue advisor collects details of all available venues and fills saves them in the system. Assumption made is that managers of different venues provide information in paper form and do not fill it directly into the system. The time keepers association triggers the event by. They fill in details of available time keepers into the system. The details are saved to the database for inclusion in making of the schedule. It is assumed the association will have an access right to the system. The competition advisor will trigger the event of scheduling. This will involve combining details of available venues and time keepers. The system will automatically produce multiple schedules as suggestions to the advisor. The advisor will then choose one schedule which is favorable to the institution. This is an event triggered by the competition advisor. The print out will include details of venues and events. It is assumed by the time of triggering this event all venues and time details will have been correctly fed into the system. Ethan wants to makes a schedule of all the winter season events. He peruses the different files in the registry to get details of available venues. After getting the list he prepares the season’s calendar using the details. The task takes a lot of time because the registry maintains its file in paper form. Ethan will need a system that will provide him with details of the different venues at a click of a button. This system will allow the venue advisor feed details of different venues and their availability. Once Ethan visits the site he will only require choosing the appropriate venues. The system is supposed to provide an interface with information about the different venues and when they are available. This interface should have a search capability to enable Ethan in finding a venue easily by just typing the name of a venue. The interface

Information technology for a company’s business processes and decision making

Information technology for a company’s business processes and decision making Q1:->How can information technology support a companys business processes and decision making, and give it a competitive advantage?Give examples to illustrate your answer Ans.1 Information technology Support a Companys Business Processes And Dicision Making An d Its Cometitive Aadvantage Is:- Support Business Process:-As a Consumer ,You Regularly Enconter Information Systems That Support The Business Processes And Operation At The Many Retail Sstores Where YOU shop. For Example:- Most Retali Stores now use computer -bassed Information Systems To Help Them Record Coustmer Purchhases,Keep Track Of Inventory ,Pay Employes But New MeRchandise,And Evaluaate sales Trends ,Store operations Would Grind To aA Halt Without The Support Of Such Information systems. Support dicision making:-Information system also Help Stores Managers And Other Business Professionals make Better Desions. For example:-Decisions on What Lines Of MerchandiseNeed To Be Added Or discontinued or On what Kind Of Investing they Require,Are Typically made after an analysis Provided By Computer -Based Information systems.this Not Only supports The Decisions Making Of Stores Managers,Buyers And Others But also Helps Them look For ways to Gain An Advantage Over Other Retailers In The Competition For Customers. Support Competitive advantage:-Gaining a Strategic Advantage Over Competitiors Requires Innovative Of Information Technologies. For Example:- Store Management might Make a Decision To Instaall Touch Screne Kiosks In All Stores, With Links To Their E-commerce WebsiteFor Online Shopping .This Might Attract New coustmer And Build Coustemers Localty Because Of The Ease Of Shopping And Buying Merchandise Provide Products And Services That Give a Business a Comparative Advantage Over Its Competitors. Q2:->Identify several basic competitive strategies and explain how they can use information technologies to comfront the competitive forces faced by a business. Ans.2 There Are Five Basics competitive Strategies 1.Cost Leadership Strategy. 2.Differentition Strategy. 3.Innovation Strategy. 4.Growth strategies. 5. Alliance strategies. 1.Cost Leadership Strategy:-A Low-cost ProDucer Of Products and Services In The Industry, Or Finding Ways To Help Its Suppliers OR Customers Reducee Thier Costs Or To increase The Costs Of their Competitors. 2 .Differention Strategy:- Developing Ways to Differentiate a fiems Products And service s from Its Competitiors Or Reduce The differentiation Advantages of Competitiors. This May Be A Firm To Focus Its products Or services To Give It an Advantage In Particular Segments Or Niches Of a Market. 3.Innovation Strategy:- find The New Way Of Doing Buiseness.This May Involve The Development Of Unique Products And Service Or Entry Into UniqueMarkets Or Markket niches.It May Also Involve Making Radial Changes To The Business Processes For Producing Or Distributing Products And Services That Are So Different From The Way a Business Has Been Conducted That They Allow The Fundamental structure Or An Industry. 4.Growth Strategy:- Significantly Expanding A company Capacity To Produce Goods and Servieces Expanding Into Global markets, Diversifing Into New Products And services,or Integrating Into Related Products And Services. 5.Alliance Strategies;- Establish New Business Linkage And alliance With Coustemers, Suppliers,Competitiors,joint Ventures,forming Of virtual companies or Other Marketing Manufacture Or DisTriBution agreements Between a Business And It Trading Pateners. Q3:-> Identify the major types and uses of micro-computer, midrange and mainframe computer systems ? Ans3. The Major Types And Uses Of Micro-Computer, Midrange And AminFrame computer SystemsAre:- 1.Micro-computer:-It Is Most Important Categoty Of The Computer Systems For Business People And Consumers. Through Usually Called a Personel Computer, Or a PC,A microcomputer IS Much More Than A Small Computers for Use By An Individuals computers . 2. Mid Range :-Midrange computers Are High-End Network Srvers and Other Types Of Servers And Other Types Of servers That can Handle The Large-scale Procesing Of Many Business Applications Throught Not As Powerful As Mainframe Computers They Are Less Costly To buy Operate And Maintain Than mainframe systems,And Thus Meet The Computing Need OF Many Organizations. 3.Mainframe Systems:- IT IS The Large ,Fasr And Powerful Computers systems. For Example:- Mainframes ccccccccan Process Thousands Of Million instruction Per Sec Mainframes can Also Have Primary Storage Capacities. Q4:->Outline the major technologies and uses o computer peripherals for input , output and storage? Ans4. The Major Tecnologies And Uses AComputer For Input Output And Storage Tecnologies is:- Peripherals Is The Generric Name Given To All Input Output And Secondary Storage devices That Are The Part Of The Cpu Pheriperals Depend On Direct Connections Or Telecommunications Links To The Centerals Processing Unit Of a Computer Systems. All Pheriperials Are Online devices That Is They Are Separate From But Can Be Electronically Connected To Attend By The Cpu. 1.Moniters 2.PRINTERS 3.Scanners 4.Hard disk drives 5.CD And DVD Drives 6.Backup Systems. Q5:-> What trends are occuring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems? Ans.5 Software. Computer software consists of two major types of programs: (1) application software that directs the performance of a particular use, or application, of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and (2) system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks. Refer to Figure 4.2 for an overview of the major types of software. Â · Application Software. Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into general-purpose and application-specific categories. General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users. Examples are word processing, electronic spreadsheet, and presentation graphics programs. Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions or processes, scientific or engineering applications, and other computer applications in society. Â · System Software. System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs. Examples of system management programs are operating systems, network management programs, database management systems, system utilities, application servers, and performance and security monitors. Network management programs support and manage telecommunications activities and network performance telecommunications networks Q6:-> Explain the following terms: (a)DTP :-DTP Stands for Desktop Publishing And It Use to End Users And Organizations to Produce Thier Own Printed Materials That looks Professionally published That Is design and Print Their Own Newsletter,Brochures,Manuals,And BooksWith Several Type Styles,Graphics,Photos And colors On Each Page. (b)Presentation Graphics:-It Helps To Convert Numeric Data Into Graphics displays such as Line Charts ,Bar Graphs,pie Charts,And Many Other Types Of Graphics. Mostly Top Package Also Helps U Prepare Multimedia Presentations OF Graphics,Photos,Animation,And Vidio Chlips Includind To The World Wide Web (c)Software licensing:-A S/w Applications Is Purchased COTS Or Is accessed Via An ASP,The Software Must Be Licenced for Use Software Licence Is Complex Topic Which Involve Considerations Of The Specials characteristics Of Software In The Context of The UnderLying Intellectual ProPerty Rights ,Including Copyright,Trademark And Secrets As well As Traditionls Contracts Law Including Contract LawIncluding the Unigorm Commercial code(UCC). (d)RAID:-RAID Stands for Redundant Arrays Of Independent DisksThey Combines from 6 To More Then 100 Small Hard disks Drivers And Their Control MicroProcecessors Into A single Unit. RAID Units ProVide Large Capacities With High acess Speed Since Data aRe Accessed In Parallel Over Multiple Paths From Many Disks. (e) Application service providers:-It Is A Large And Fast Growing Number Of Companies Are Turning To Application service Providers Instead OF Developing OR Purchasing The Application Software They Need To Run Their Business Applications service Provides That Own Operate And Maintain ApplicationsSoftware And The Computer System ResourcesRequired To Offer The Use Of the applications Software For a Fee As a Sservice Over the Internet. (f)Programming languages:-It Is A Measure Catagory Of System Software They Require The Use Of Varity Off PRograming Packages To Help Programmers Develop Computer Programs, And Language Translator Programs To convert Programming Language Instructions Into Machine codes. The Five Main Major Levels Of Programing Langauges Are Machine lAnguages Assembler Languages,High-Level Languages,Fourth Generation Languages,And Object-Oriented Languages Oriented Languages Like Java and XML Are Being Widely Used Web Based Business Applications And Services.

Machiavelli

In the beginning of The Prince, Machiavelli outlines the different types of principalities which constitute all forms of government.   He then goes on to give advice on how a competent ruler would go about keeping a stronghold in the principality he had just conquered.   Although perhaps not as blatant as other political leaders’ attempts at gaining control after an invasion of a country, George Bush, taking action in 2003, decided to firmly plant an America influence in Iraq. â€Å"The Decider,† as the President recently referred to himself, chose a path which has clear parallels to situations outlined in The Prince.   Within the pages of The Prince, Machiavelli has given much advice as to how to deal with the current situation in which the President now finds himself.   Leaving out ethical consideration of the actions our President has taken and must take in the future, this paper will explore the relationship between the teachings found in The Prince and the current situation in Iraq and attempt to answer the question of what advice Machiavelli would give to President Bush to ease his current situation. In the beginning of The Prince, Machiavelli claims that all governments are either republics or principalities.   As he has already laid out what constitutes a republic, The Prince is concerned with only principalities.   As he explains, there are three different types of principalities; hereditary, new, and mixed. A hereditary principality is the sort that is passed from ruler to ruler in the same family.   It is the typical monarchial relationship in which a king, once no longer able to rule, passes his kingdom over to the next in line, usually his son.   New principalities are entirely new territories to be ruled over, and mixed principalities are new additions to existing territories.   It is this last kind of principality that this paper will be concerned with as it is most readily illustrated with the current situation in Iraq. To understand the relationship between Machiavelli’s ideas and what the Bush administration is currently involved in in the war there, it is necessary to understand the recent history of Iraq. Iraq was formed from three former Ottoman regions; Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul.  Ã‚   It was given to the United Kingdom at the end of World War I as a mandate.   The United Kingdom granted Iraq independence in 1932 but invaded in 1941 when it seemed that the government there was threatening European oil supplies.   The U.K then occupied the country for several years and installed a monarchy to rule the region. This monarchy lasted until a coup d’etat led by the Iraqi army overthrew it in 1958.   After this government was itself overthrown, the Iraqi Ba’ath party gained control and out of this rose Saddam Hussein.   Hussein ruled Iraq until removed from power by the United States in 2003.   (Wikipedia 2006) Although perhaps in the eyes of Hussein, Iraq could be considered a monarchy, it was more often considered a dictatorship.   And because when the United States invaded Iraq they were not invading a new territory, Iraq as a principality would, by Machiavellian standards, be considered not a hereditary or new principality, but mixed.   It is these sorts of principalities that, in Machiavelli’s words, â€Å"†¦are the ones that present problems.† Aside from the hereditary principalities, in which the people of the territory do not, as evidenced by their loyalty to the King’s family, mind the change in power, a mixed principality, because the people have been under the rule of one man (as in the case of Iraq), will not take well to the new ruler unless their situation improves.   Machiavelli’s musings on human nature bring out the idea that all people are generally looking out for themselves and those close to them. They are generally indifferent to politics when things are going well for themselves.   For this reason, if the people’s situation improves even a small amount and provides them the feeling of safety and security, it will not really matter to them who is in control.   As evidenced by the daily insurgent attacks, kidnappings and suicide bombings, President Bush has not created a feeling of security for the people of Iraq.   Is it any wonder that the vast majority of the Iraqi’s do not want us there?   President Bush has failed to accomplish even this first goal of competent rule laid out by Machiavelli. In The Prince, Machiavelli uses the analogy of rulers being like foxes and lions to prove a point about what constitutes a competent ruler. He mentions this in Chapter Eighteen: How Rulers Are to Keep Their Word.   As he states, â€Å"Everybody recognizes how praiseworthy it is for a ruler to keep his world and to live a life of integrity, without relying on craftiness.   Nevertheless, we see that in practice†¦ those rulers who have not thought it important to keep their word have achieved great things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  For this reason, Machiavelli believes it important to be able to rule and fight in two ways.   The first, the way men fight; by the rules.   The second is the way animals fight; no holds barred.   â€Å"Because you cannot always win when you respect the rules, you must be prepared to break them.   A ruler needs to know how to be both an animal and a man.† In Machiavelli’s view, because a ruler must at times display â€Å"beastly† qualities, it is important to know how to act like specific animals, namely, a lion and a fox.   The lion is powerful, and runs over his enemies with great mite, but has the disadvantage of not being able to avoid traps.   The fox, on the other hand, has the cunning to avoid those traps.   So it is important for the ruler to be able to act like both animals and to know when the situation calls for either brute strength, or quiet cunning. Although many people often make fun of the President, regarding him as not too bright, he did sell a war to the American people and the world based on lies.   As recently reported by Reuters, the White House had been informed by the CIA six months previous to the invasion of Iraq that there were no weapons of mass destruction.   This, along with countless other officials and documents have shown that the Bush administration knew what all of us know now; that Iraq was in no way the threat they were perceived to be. Of course, there was no way for him at the time to know that the world would find out that he was not telling to truth and if there was, maybe he would not have used the rationale of weapons of mass destruction but found another way to get enough support to invade Iraq.   Nevertheless, he was cunning enough to know when to use fear and manipulation to rally the people behind him and achieved his aims with the help of many countries. In Machiavelli’s time, there would not have been governmental leaks to the extent that we have today, and anyone courageous enough to speak out about ruling governments were more than likely going to be killed.   If Bush were ruling with circumstances similar to what they were in Italy in the time of Machiavelli, perhaps he would have been more successful. However, now that Bush finds himself in the position that he is in, the question could be asked what advice might Machiavelli give to our President.   The answer to this question lies in chapter five of The Prince: How You Should Govern Cities or Kingdoms That, Before You Acquired Them, Lived Under Their Own Laws.   As Machiavelli explains, â€Å"When the states one acquires by conquest are accustomed to living under their own laws and in freedom, there are three policies one can follow in order to hold on to them.†Ã‚   Although it could be debated whether Iraq was â€Å"free† the overall meaning of Machiavelli still applies. â€Å"The first is to lay them to waste.†Ã‚   With the advent of the international criminal court and the necessity of keeping the peace and favor of ones allies, President Bush could not view this first option as possible.   â€Å"The second is to go and live there in person.†Ã‚   I highly doubt President Bush has, or ever will consider such a measure. And, â€Å"The third is to let them continue to live under their own laws, make them pay you, and create there an administrative and political elite who will remain loyal to you.† This third option is the one the Bush administration is following.   Ã‚  Although the Iraqi’s are not paying taxes directly to the United States, once the infrastructure gets up and running again, I am certain we will take our payment in the form of oil. If someone from old Italy were familiar with Machiavelli and his works and were alive today, they would see much Machiavellian inspiration in the governmental tactics of the Bush administration.   Whether President Bush is aware of it or not, he is giving us a first hand account of what happens when Machiavellian principles are followed.   The interesting fact is that it seems these principles would only work today if the circumstances were just right. Nevertheless, many of Bush’s detractors would probably like to see him carry certain of Machiavelli’s ideas to a different level, namely the second option of ruling a newly acquired kingdom; move there. Works Cited Iraq. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Reuters, (2006, April 22). CIA Warned Bush of No Weapons in Iraq. Retrieved April 22, 2006 Wootton, David (Ed.). (1995). The Prince. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.

The Digestive System ( Https ) - 1955 Words

Maureen Reid - Student I.D. REIM0115; Task M; Confirm Physical Health Status. The Digestive System Parts of the Digestive System (https://www.thinglink.com/scene/496007041890910209) The digestive system comprises of multiple organs like the mouth, which consists of the salivary glands, saliva, tongue and epiglottis; the Pharynx, Oesophagus, Diaphragm, Stomach, Spleen, Liver, Pancreas and the Lower gastrointestinal tract which includes the small and large intestine and the caecum. The major role of this system like it suggests is to digest food. It digests and provides nutrients to the body and passes on the waste to the excretory system to safely pass it out of the body. The Mouth breaks down the food into small components which are then accordingly absorbed and assimilated into the body. The salivary glands secrete saliva which also helps in the production of bolus which makes the task easier and it is then swallowed by the oesophagus and passed right down into the stomach. The saliva contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts working on the food in the mouth itself and digestion is also helped due to the mastication of the food by the teeth and mu scular contractions of the peristalsis. The term peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins right up in the oesophagus and up till the walls of the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric juices and mucus in the stomach aid peristalsis and a smooth passage is provided to the foodShow MoreRelatedAll Animals And Humans Have A Digestive System Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals and humans have a digestive system. The purpose of a digestive system is to digest and absorb. Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into small molecules, these small molecules are then absorbed into the body. The digestive system has two main parts, the digestive tract and accessory organs. 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This journey will take us through the digestive, circulatory, and digestive systems. Our journey will begin after we enter our male test subjects system by inconspicuously entering the digestive system as part of his delicious, all-American meal consisting of a juicy hamburger, crispy french fries, and an ice-cold root beer. Our tour will begin as we enter the bodyRead MoreBody Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms1598 Words   |  7 PagesBody Systems of Various Organisms All organisms in the world have a range of systems and organs in their body. Some organisms may share similar body systems while others have absolutely nothing in common. Several of those organisms include humans, pigs, crayfish, and earthworms. From their mushy, gushy organs to their soft, gentle skin, you may think, â€Å"How are humans and pigs possibly alike? Or a crayfish and an earthworm?† In many ways they may not be, but in other ways, they are very much alike